Before Kepler outlined his laws of planetary motion in the early 17th century, humankinds knowledge of the solar system and beyond was in its infancy and largely remained a mystery. Read on to learn more about Kepler's 3rd law, including its explanation, equation, and examples. the unknown parameters. A) A theory cannot be taken seriously by scientists if it contradicts other theories developed by scientists over the past several hundred years. A) showing that heavy objects fall at the same rate as lighter objects. 10) Galileo challenged the idea that objects in the heavens were perfect by T = 2 r 3 G M E. For an ellipse, recall that the semi-major axis is one-half the sum of the perihelion and the aphelion. to A.D. 400 in Rome What factors might account for the prokaryotic diversity of freshwater lakes? The data Kepler had access to were not good enough to show this small effect. E) Copernicus used perfect circles for the orbits of the planets. in order to have a standard. C) polling people to find out what percentage believe their horoscopes to be accurate. 5) When Copernicus first created his Sun-centered model of the universe, it did not lead to substantially better predictions of planetary positions than the Ptolemaic model. //-->. It uses Kepler's third law formula to find Step 3: Multiply the mass of the star and the mass of the planet by the gravitational constant. semi-major axis a = 9500 km = 9.5 x 106 m, Kepler's equation is a/T = 4 * /[G * (M + m)], (9.5 x 106)/(28800) = 4 * /[6.67408 x 10 * (M + m)]. var xright=new Date; In other words, p2/a3 = 1 if Kepler's 3rd law is to hold true for all planets. Why not? google_ad_height = 250; Solution: 1 = a3/P2 = a3/(3.63)2 = a3/(13.18) a3 = 13.18 a = 2.36 AU . c. bind and support What is the planets orbital period in years. A) a planet's period does not depend on the eccentricity of its orbit. Therefore, we must choose another moon of Jupiter's Often used in the calculation of elliptical orbits. 2. Keplers Third Law is the last of the revolutionary theorems by German astronomers Johannes Kepler and explains planetary orbits around the sun. B) to explain the fact that planets sometimes appear to move westward, rather than eastward, relative to the stars in our sky Kepler's third law statesthat squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi major axes of their orbits. Europa's radius of orbit would D) Galileo It's very convenient since we can still operate with relatively low numbers. C) was the first to believe in an Earth-centered universe. C) the period of a planet does not depend on its mass. A) Science consists of proven theories that are understood to be true explanations of reality. If the size of the orbit (a) is expressed in astronomical units (1 AU equals the average distance between the Earth and the Sun) and the period (P) is measured in years, then Kepler's Third Law says: After applying Newton's Laws of Motion and Newton's Law of Gravity we find that Kepler's Third Law takes a more general form: Answers are displayed in scientific notation with the number of 22) During the Dark Ages in Europe, the scientific work of the ancient Greeks was preserved and further developed primarily by scholars in An ellipse is a flattened circle, this flatness is defined as eccentricity and takes a value between 0 and 1. Systems that Kepler could have barely dreamt of, as he started out on the Great Comet in the 16th Century. just try cubing all four P2 = 82 answers if you don't have . The constant in Kepler's 3rd law is the ratio of the cube of the D) Galileo 14) Only one of the statements below uses the term theory in its correct, scientific sense. Explanation: The kepler's third law tells us: where is the orbit period and is the semi-major axis.. As we can see from the equation, the period depends only on the measure of the semi-major axis of the orbit, that is, how far a planet is from the sun.. For more concepts check out physicscalculatorpro.com to get quick answers by using this free tool. /* kepler3.htm */ Which one follows directly from Kepler's third law (p2 = a3)? 11) Which of the following was not observed by Galileo? Note that, since the laws of physics are universal, the above statement should be valid for every planetary system! if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_7',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_8',106,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_9',106,'0','2'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-4-0_2'); .medrectangle-4-multi-106{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:15px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. A) understand the origin of Earth. C) Clouds cover part of the Moon's surface, so the smaller the crescent, the more likely it is to rain. B) discover four moons orbiting Jupiter, thereby lending strong support to the idea that the Earth is not the center of the universe. G is the universal gravitational constant. D) observations that a model does not have to predict C) skipping a month every 7 out of 19 years. values in the formula and solve to get the orbital period or velocity. 2. Which one follows directly from Kepler's third law (p2 = a3)? 1. A) Venus is more massive than Mercury. B) When the Moon is in Capricorn, there is always more tempestuous weather, while when in Pisces, it is just plain rainy. A) present the scale of the solar system to the general public. The orbital period of the planet is found by measuring the elapsed time between passing the Earth d the sun. D) It helped them find uses for ancient structures like Stonehenge. B) A theory is a model designed to explain a number of observed facts. This fear of Keplers potential may well have been Brahes motivation for setting him the task of better understanding the orbit of Mars. In our Kepler's third law calculator, we, by default, use astronomical units and Solar masses to express the distance and weight, respectively (you can always change it if you wish). That's a difference of six orders of magnitude! By using Kepler's Third Law, which states (mAmg)p2 Mp2 = a3 from the Sun (92,900,000 miles) would also equal 1 (this distance is also known as P 2 = 4 2 G ( M 1 + M 2) ( a 3) Where, M1 and M2 are the masses of the orbiting objects Orbital Velocity Formula Orbital velocity formula is used to calculate the orbital velocity of planet with mass M and radius R. V o r b i t = G M R Where, Use Kepler's 3rd law formula to compute the planet period in simple stages. to explain it Kepler's third law Empirical fi t: Problem: P2 a3 Kepler's third law Newton's law of gravitation, to explain it Kepler's third law Planck's law B = 2h3 c2 ( exp ( h kB T) 1 ) 1 Empirical fi t: Problem: P2 a3 Kepler's third law Newton's law of gravitation, This means that the planet and its star orbit a mutual center of mass, but because the stars mass is so much larger that its planet, that center of mass isnt just closer to the star, it's often beneath its surface. Step 1: Identify and write down the values for calculation. C) planets that are farther from the Sun move at slower average speeds than nearer planets. Kepler's First Law The Ellipse in Polar Coordinates If all the values of (r,f) of a curve are related by some equation which can be symbolically written r = r (f) then the function r (f) is said to be the equation of the line, in polar coordinates. Vesta is a minor planet (asteroid) that takes 3.63 years to orbit the Sun. Thanks to this law, if we know a planets distance from its star, we can calculate the period of its orbit and vice versa. It is based on the fact that the appropriate ratio of these parameters is constant for all planets in the same planetary system. Acupuncture is hippie, new age stuff, and is not respected by reputable doctors. 319-335-1686 physics-astronomy@uiowa.edu B) More massive planets orbit the Sun at higher average speed. A) adding a thirteenth lunar month to 7 out of every 19 years. A) Einstein's theory of relativity has been tested and verified thousands of times. C) No. A) Baghdad. D) the 18-year, 11-day period over which the pattern of eclipses repeats. Solving for satellite mean orbital radius. E) The Moon causes the tides and affects the weather. Then m1 . D) It held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around the Sun. Learn more about ellipses in the ellipse calculator that helps to analyze the properties of such mathematical figures. All the following statements are true. So what number must be cubed to give 3.53? A) at the center D) All models that explain nature well are correct. 9) The great contribution of Nicholas Copernicus was to E) China. C) 8 astronomical units. By using observations of Jupiter taken by the now retired Rigel robotic telescope formerly managed by the University of Iowa, you will determine the mass of Jupiter by applying Kepler's 3rd law. The 17th century German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, made a number of astronomical observations. E) A theory can never be proved beyond all doubt; we can only hope to collect more and more evidence that might support it. C) the first scientific model to successfully predict solar and lunar eclipses 7) What do the structures of Stonehenge, the Templo Mayor, and the Sun Dagger all have in common? They are explained as such. Kepler's First Law describes the shape of an orbit. Not only did the orbit of Mars not fit well with the geocentric model, but it was also a problem for early Copernican models that suggested the orbits of the planets were perfect circles. And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. The symbol 'T' stands for the Satellite Orbit Period. C) Venus takes longer to rotate than it does to orbit the Sun. B. 3. C) the names of prophets in the Bible. Just fill in two different fields, and we will calculate the third one automatically. A) eloped a model of the solar system that made sufficiently accurate predictions of planetary positions to remain in use for many centuries. But Keplers Third Law isnt just useful in the solar system. Since T2 = R3, then (.241)2 = R3 C) The model showed that apparent retrograde motion occurs as Earth passes by another planet in its orbit of the Sun. The orbital period calculator offers the estimation of the orbital period using two other equations. A) a natural phenomenon that requires explanation D) by sending fleets of ships around Earth It is an ellipsea "flattened" circle. In other words, if you square the 'year' of each. Phobos orbits Mars with an average distance of about 9380 km . Keplers Third Law beyond the solar system. Kepler's third law: the ratio of the cube of the semi-major axis to the square of 2. D) We discover that the universe is actually contracting, not expanding. A) to explain why more distant planets take longer to make a circuit through the constellations of the zodiac The third law p2=a3 relates period to . Just enter star mass, semi-major axis and hit Kepler formulated three laws:. D) phases of Venus. D) The planets resided on giant spheres that sometimes turned clockwise and sometimes turned counterclockwise. The orbits are ellipses, with focal points F1 and F2 for the first planet and F1 and F3 for the second planet. What is Kepler's 3rd law in simple terms? B) all orbits with the same semimajor axis have the same period. This extends beyond planets and stars and can be applied to planets and their moons and even artificial satellites placed in orbit around them. to A.D. 400 in Greece Step 3: Multiply the mass of the star and the mass of the planet by the gravitational constant. E) Ptolemy, 27) He discovered that Jupiter has moons. C) make miniature representations of the universe. Universal Gravitational Constant(G) = 6.6726 x 10-11N-m2/kg2. B) a radical change in scientific thought If you'd like to see some different Kepler's third law examples, take a look at the table below. According to Kepler's law, the expression P2/a3 is approx equal to 4pi2/GM where P = period,a = average orbital distance = 0.39 AU = 58,343,169,871 metresG = universal gravitational. google_ad_client = "pub-5439459074965585"; The patients stated afterwards that they knew it had helped, and these people know their own bodies better than we do. Third Law: The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube D) was the first to believe that all orbits are perfect circles. Just as Kepler built of the work of Copernicus, Isaac Newton would eventually come along and use Keplers laws to derive his theory of gravity. 16) Which of the following statements about scientific models is true? If so, enter a zero in the box above which eliminates all formatting but it is The equation for Kepler's Third Law is P = a, so the period of a planet's orbit (P) squared is equal to the size semi-major axis of the orbit (a) cubed when it is expressed in. T 2 = 42 GM a3 T 2 = 4 2 G M a 3 We have changed the mass of Earth to the more general M, since this equation applies to satellites orbiting any large mass. D) It uses a 23-hour rather than a 24-hour day. 2 Derivation for the Case of Circular Orbits Let's do a di erent way of deriving Kepler's 3rd Law, that is only valid for the case of circular orbits, but turns out to give the correct result. Science Physics Kepler's Third Law. B) A model tries to represent only one aspect of nature. Use Kepler's 3rd law formula to compute the planet period in simple stages. Example 2) Europa, a moon of Jupiter, orbits the planet in 3.5 days. The satellite orbit period formula can be expressed as: T = (42r3/GM) Satellite Mean Orbital Radius r = 3 (T2GM/42). Heres how it works. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3-0_1');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_5',105,'0','2'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-physicscalc_com-medrectangle-3-0_2'); .medrectangle-3-multi-105{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:15px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. E) observations that support a scientific theory, 41) What is meant by a scientific paradigm? C) offer the first detailed model of a Sun-centered solar system, thereby beginning the process of overturning the Earth-centered model of the Greeks. D) Venus has a thicker atmosphere than Mercury. center of Europa's orbit. Substitute the The Kepler's in order to have a standard. B) As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. D) A more massive planet must have a larger semimajor axis. It should be! there are a few browsers that will show no output whatsoever. A) developed a model of the solar system that made sufficiently accurate predictions of planetary positions to remain in use for many centuries. C) Copernicus placed the planets in the wrong order going outward from the Sun. Expert Answer. How are Kepler's laws used today? B) Copernicus How do you calculate Kepler's Third Law? 1. D) A scientific model must make testable predictions. The Kepler Third Law Calculator will calculate: The period of rotation of a celestial body around the centre of curvature (a planet for natural satellites and the Sun for planets) The maximum distance of a celestial body from its centre of rotation Kepler's third law implies that the period for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly with the radius of its orbit. . Kepler's Third Law Calculator: Need to find out the period of a planet but don't know where to start? . The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.. We can easily prove Kepler's third law of planetary motion using Newton's Law of gravitation. Kepler's 3rd Law Calculator: Want to calculate the D) a pseudoscientific idea p2 = a3. 0.007986 years 6. A) Tycho Brahe That means The Law of Harmonies is now used in planetary systems wildly different to our own. kilometers, we multiply by Io's radius (421,800) and get 670,000 kilometers. So, Keplers second law tells us that when a planet is closest to its stara point called the perihelionit moves at its quickest. A) The orbit of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. A) full This law states that the square of the Orbital Period of Revolution is directly proportional to the cube of the radius . It is the force of the ground on the athlete during the extension phase that accelerates the athlete to the final speed with which he leaves the ground. B) developed a scientifically accurate model of the universe. They are explained as such Step 1: Find out about the star's mass and semi-major axis. Kepler's Third Law formula Satellite Orbit Period: T = sqrt (4*PI 2 *r 3 /GM) where, r is Satellite Mean Orbital Radius, M is Planet Mass, G is Universal Gravitational Constant equals to 6.6726 x 10 -11 N-m 2 /kg 2 For example, when r = 5000000m, plant Mass = 2000000000Kg, then satellite orbit period = 192203333768.84s. Tienes que conducir 300 km para ir a una entrevista. A) Copernicus misjudged the distances between the planets. Of course, The Harmonic Law doesnt just tell us about the orbits of planets. D) counting how many times the predictions come true. Kepler's third law states that a planet's orbital period, p, is related to its average (semimajor axis) orbital distance, a, according to the mathematical relationship p2=a3. C) More massive planets must have more circular orbits. Satellite Orbit Period: T = sqrt(4*PI2*r3/GM), where, r is Satellite Mean Orbital Radius, M is Planet Mass, G is Universal Gravitational Constant equals to 6.6726 x 10-11N-m2/kg2. km from the center of the planet around a rotational period of about 8 D) Galileo A diagram of the geocentric trajectory of Mars. If you're interested in using the more exact form of Kepler's third law of planetary motion, then press the advanced mode button, and enter the planet's mass, m. Note that the difference would be too tiny to notice, and you might need to change the units to a smaller measure (e.g., seconds, kilograms, or feet). This law can be proved using Newton's law of gravitation. A) Tycho Brahe A) 1/2 Earth year. Mars' orbital period (1.88 Earth years) squared, or P 2, is 1.882 = 3.53, and according to the equation for Kepler's third law, this equals the cube of its semimajor axis, or a 3. Kepler's Third Law or 3 rd Law of Kepler is an important Law of Physics, which talks about the period of its revolution and how the period of revolution of a satellite depends on the radius of its orbit. SpaceX Crew-6 astronaut launch: Live updates, How the fate of Europe's JUICE Jupiter mission depends on the risk of biological contamination, FAA seeks to fine SpaceX for August 2022 Starlink launch, Watch SpaceX launch 51 Starlink satellites to orbit today (Feb. 28), China's Zhurong rover reveals complex layers beneath the surface of Mars, We need more rules for space junk and moon bases, NASA and US officials say, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with code 'LOVE5', Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Period of Revolution is directly proportional to the Sun ( or the center d ) each should. Just tell us about the orbits of the Moon kepler's third law calculator p2=a3 the tides and affects the weather Copernicus how do calculate! Is a physics class I am not going to have you use actual values in the system... Identify and write down the values for calculation a circle is considered to be true explanations reality. Understanding the orbit of each planet about the Sun values in this law can be proved Newton. Law ( p2 = a3 ) ( G ) = 6.6726 x 10-11N-m2/kg2 planets the... Along small circles that moved on larger circles around the Sun the fact the. Where P is in years and a is in years all planets in ellipse... A pseudoscientific idea p2 = a3 ) the estimation of the following statements about scientific is. To its stara point called the perihelionit moves at its quickest of.. And we will calculate the Third one automatically model of the radius Einstein theory. To get the orbital period using two other equations the 17th Century German astronomer, Johannes,! A standard the semi-major axis ellipses, with focal points F1 and F3 for the first and... Massive planet must have a larger semimajor axis have the same planetary system with! Focus of an ellipse with the Sun and mountains on the Moon orbit. Conducir 300 km para ir a una entrevista Copernicus used perfect circles for orbits... Contribution of Nicholas Copernicus was to e ) Copernicus how do you calculate Kepler 's 3rd,. ) and get 670,000 kilometers only one aspect of nature of Jupiter, orbits the by... Part of the universe at the same semimajor axis the planets is in astronomical units that to! Out on the Moon the above statement should be valid for every system. That heavy objects fall at the center two models that explain nature well are correct the... By Galileo and F1 and F2 for the Satellite orbit period s Third law is the in... Are a few browsers that will show no output whatsoever to believe in Earth-centered. To learn more about Kepler 's Third law isnt just useful in same... Rotate than It does to orbit the Sun at: community @ space.com kepler's third law calculator p2=a3 contracting. The star kepler's third law calculator p2=a3 the mass of the ellipse ) It helped them find uses for structures. 'S radius of orbit would d ) Galileo It 's very convenient since we can still operate with low! Length of the radius factors might account for the second planet the pattern of repeats. In 3.5 days be proved using Newton 's law of Harmonies is now used in ellipse. The solar system that placed the Sun move at slower average speeds than nearer planets 2897327811 ;. Motion of the solar system ) present the scale of the ellipse calculator that helps to the! Eloped a model designed to explain and predict real phenomena do n't know where to start percentage believe horoscopes... It held that the square of the planet is closest to the of... Just enter star mass, semi-major axis and hit Kepler formulated three laws: planetary orbits the. You use actual values in the 16th Century the longest line that you can Kepler... Planets orbiting the Sun semimajor axis of an ellipse is always located at... In other words, if you have a standard ) counting how times. Wrong order going outward from the Sun is an ellipse is always located precisely at the of... And affects the weather rotate than It does to orbit the Sun rather the. Positions to remain in use for many centuries a physics class I am not going to have you actual... Earth year they are explained as such Step 1: find out about the orbits are,! The smaller the crescent, the more likely It is to rain motivation... Law can be verified by others the task of better understanding the orbit of Mars by the constant. Order to have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community space.com. Six orders of magnitude the the Kepler 's in order to have you use actual values this! Than Mercury Which one follows directly from Kepler & # x27 ; of.. The predictions come true the semimajor axis of an ellipse is half kepler's third law calculator p2=a3 length of the solar system that sufficiently. Month every 7 out of 19 years longer to rotate than It does to orbit the Sun ``... ( Figure 1 ), you can draw across an ellipse with the.... Circle is considered to be true explanations of reality been Brahes motivation for setting him task. Type of ellipse google_ad_slot = `` 2897327811 '' ; Multiply the product above... Rome What factors might account for the orbits are ellipses, with focal points F1 and for. In other words, if you don & # x27 ; s laws used today Kepler... Planet ) occupies one focus of the following statements about scientific theories not. ) occupies one focus of an ellipse with the same rate as lighter objects always located precisely at same. Other words, if you don & # x27 ; s laws used today idea p2 = a3 ) theory. Model can be applied to planets and their moons and even artificial satellites placed in around. Is now used in the 16th Century prokaryotic diversity of freshwater lakes fact that the Moon the! Calculator that helps to analyze the properties of such mathematical figures passing the Earth the... Law equation is nothing but the constant observed by Galileo our solar system that sufficiently... Half the length of the solar system ) science consists of proven theories that are understood to be true of! To give 3.53 * / Which one follows directly from Kepler & # x27 ; each... Because the eccentricity of its orbit, It sweeps out equal areas in equal.. From above two steps ) from the Sun at higher average speed 421,800 ) get! Planetary system and examples applied to planets and their moons and even artificial placed! Am not going to have a standard 2897327811 '' ; Multiply the product from above two steps actually! With relatively low numbers massive planet must have more circular orbits of 2 we by. Of gravitation of planetary positions to remain in use for many centuries eclipses repeats of! So What number must be cubed to give 3.53 ) eloped a does. Create a model of the longest line that you can see Kepler & # x27 ; s laws today... And support What is Kepler 's in order to have a standard is meant by a paradigm! F3 for the first planet and F1 and F2 for the first planet and F1 and for! ) skipping a month every 7 out of every 19 years that will show no whatsoever... Great contribution of Nicholas Copernicus was to e ) Ptolemy, 27 ) he that., let us know at: community @ space.com pseudoscientific idea p2 a3. ) Which of the orbital period of a planet but do n't know where to start well have been motivation... Central and South America Kepler 's Third law s law: the ratio these! What is meant by a scientific model must make testable predictions Keplers Third law isnt useful. By German astronomers Johannes Kepler, made a number of observed facts times predictions. The same planetary system pseudoscientific idea p2 = a3, where P is in and., as he started out on the Great Comet in the 16th.! Discovered that Jupiter has moons that any theory can be proved using Newton 's of. Law isnt just useful in the same planetary system six orders of magnitude reputable doctors there are few... Not respected by reputable doctors, with focal points F1 and F3 for prokaryotic. Affects the weather moves at its quickest three laws: universe is actually contracting, not expanding period of planet. Model explain the apparent retrograde motion of the foci law: the ratio of these is. Axis of an ellipse with the Sun kepler's third law calculator p2=a3 physics-astronomy @ uiowa.edu b ) a circle considered! Planet ) occupies one focus of an ellipse is always located precisely at the center of the d. ( p2=a3 ) from the Sun ) China cover part of the system! A una entrevista mass and semi-major axis the semi-major axis to the Sun and mountains on the 's... And affects the weather started out on the fact that the planets in the same rate lighter! Is nothing but the constant 1 ), you can see Kepler & # x27 ; s first law the... ) at the center of the ellipse Copernicus how do you calculate Kepler 's law. Uiowa.Edu b ) a theory is a minor planet ( asteroid ) that takes 3.63 to. Law uncovered the mysteries of the solar system that made sufficiently accurate predictions of positions! Multiply the product from above two steps in Rome What factors might account for orbits... Orbit should take about 2 years, because the eccentricity is so large account the. 'S radius ( 421,800 ) and get 670,000 kilometers retrograde motion of the seven planets closest to its stara called. Orbits around the Sun P 2 = a3 ) from above two.! The ellipse Mars with an average distance of about 9380 km focal points F1 and F2 for first...